Social aspects of development in mountain areas
Poverty in certain segments of the population has always existed in all countries, and examples of countries where it had been eradicated, no. And if a country with a developed economy, it is less a social evil, and in a country with underdeveloped economy – more, in a country with a bankrupt economy – a national disaster. In the CIS countries, which broke out a severe economic crisis, large segments of the population were below the poverty line – this is truly a national calamity.
Studies have shown that poverty is not a strictly individual characteristic, as predetermined by the social characteristics of families, groups, societies, etc. For poor nations, and sometimes are even continents, nations in the world are poor, if you spend about half their food budget. In the current economic situation, the average kyrgyzskaya family meals and daily needs urgent spends 80% of their income. There are three main groups of causes that led to poverty in the country:
The first group – the reasons for the economic order. The restructuring of the Kyrgyz economy, its inclusion in the economic relations with the international community, increased competition to domestic production, led to a decline in production. Freedom of capital has brought with it another freedom, freedom from work, ie unemployment. As a consequence of all this – the rising cost of living, increasing the number of poor.
The second group – the rapid growth of internally displaced persons in the Republic of Kyrgyzskuyu, threatening to take massive due to the unstable political situation in neighboring countries.
The third group – the deterioration of ecological situation and living conditions in general in several regions of Kyrgyzskoy.
Unfortunately, most anti-poverty programs in Kyrgyzstan aimed at providing social assistance and income support. They only compensate losses incurred as a result of population aging, disability, presence of dependents, unemployment, etc. These passive methods of struggle with poverty do not solve the problem. The costs involved divert significant resources from the budget and have a negative impact on its effectiveness. Hence the need of active methods of combating poverty. The main areas of poverty reduction and implementation of effective instruments of social policy are the following: employment, rationalization of labor, creating opportunities for people to earn enough, and thus support themselves and their families.
THE PROBLEM OF POVERTY 1.PREODOLENIE
Unemployment – it is poverty, the loss of a man of faith in their future, family breakdown, direct way to engage in illegal actions, it is children with no chance for a decent future, the elderly and patients with no chance of rescue. On the other hand – this is government spending on unemployment benefits, and nonpayment of taxes. In remote areas of the country, particularly high, the problem of poverty and unemployment is particularly acute. The number of jobs has decreased due to the destruction of collective and state farms land. Dilapidated farm machinery, shortage of quality seeds, breeding livestock and difficult living conditions in the highlands, the inability of modern farming practices also do not contribute to overcoming poverty, poor people living in remote areas of Kyrgyzskoy do not have access to basic infrastructure and social services and therefore are most vulnerable (the distance from markets and low purchasing power, etc.)
Possible solutions to the problem
• Allow a person to legally earn. Providing micro-credit to start their own business, which could form the basis of survival for poor families.
• Creating and maintaining a small production of traditional crafts and techniques of management in the mountains. Activities in these areas helps to maintain an adequate level of consumption in the family. Remove existing barriers to access to concessional loans to low-income segments of the population (ie, reduce the requirement to provide collateral against the amount received). Expand the use of group lending achieve elimination of the practice of mediation between banks and
borrowers, deliberately excluding the poor from among its clients. To target the economic and social support for poor people:
- direct targeted assistance, depending on the well-being
- Indirect targeted assistance (credit limits, holding monthly meetings with borrowers, tough schedule for the payment of interest and principal on the loan).
Develop targeted programs for the poorest people.
the possibility of obtaining a larger loan, subject to the timely return of the previous loan
simplification of procedures for issuance of credits
provide marketing information about markets
products and consulting specialists
cooperation with local authorities, with the objectives of creating
an enabling environment for poverty reduction (tax breaks, simplified registration procedures for businesses, etc.).
The potential for solving problems
Government legislative and socio-economic
structure
Structure of local government
NGOs
International organizations to combat poverty
Organizations that provide micro-credits to the population (Kyrgyzskaya Agricultural Finance Corporation,
Financial Company for Support of Credit Unions, FINCA, Mercy Corps, etc.).
Problem 2. Development of traditional skills
Items nomadic life – a yurt, a leash and camps, and more are today an integral part of the culture of Kirghiz people. It is therefore very important to preserve the age-old heritage of folk culture, to determine the strategy for the development of traditional crafts ..
In the subjects of nomadic life (saddles, stirrups, shirdaks, girths, podsedelniki, bridles, rugs, indoor and outdoor decoration of the yurt) merge practicality and authentic aesthetics. In areas where it still is widely used yurt, saved a lot of cultural relics of national life Kirghiz.
It is well preserved and developed the art of home crafts in Batken, Sulukta, Leilek, Kadamjai, Nookat and Alai: embroidery, kurak (application designs), kovrotkanie etc. In earlier times, as was common weave, but now it almost disappears. In the Bazar-Korgon, Suzak Aqsa and had to be found skilled carvers. Made of wooden bowls, saucers, buckets, shovels, reprimands, boxes and other utensils used everywhere. Today, these traditions are lost. The use of consumer goods reduced demand and therefore production of handicrafts, which inevitably leads to the loss of traditional crafts and to the impoverishment of spirituality.
Ways of solving the problem.
Necessary to revive the traditions of folk artists, to create conditions for their creativity, cultivate the younger generation a healthy appetite for style. Create a marketing system to sell products handcrafts. Grant support organizations engaged in production of traditional products. Promote the use of domestic products of folk craftsmen. Holding competitions masters for the production of domestic products.
Problem 3. DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-GOVERNMENT IN mountainous and remote areas of
The principle of local self-government at the moment and not acquired the status of state doctrine. Do not split the power function of the central, provincial, district authorities and the authorities at the village council (GC). Operation of the SU is a grassroots government departments, not as organs of democracy on the ground. Independent functioning of the SU is possible only if the independent material and financial resources of the SU, appropriate to their functions and powers.
The development of self-SU can be ensured passage of the registration in the State Register of the district units of the Ministry of Justice of the CD. The possibilities of self-government: a priority in this case is to increase the role of local communities in decision-making and financial support of action, and, further, an embodiment of the decisions taken by the SU accountable. Population pushes Plenipotentiaries (MPs), then deputy head of the village council was elected, the head of the village council supervises the executive and administrative organ of the SS.
Proper and specific allocation of rights, responsibilities and competencies between the central, regional, district and SU in making certain decisions.
• Development of an effective fiscal, budgetary, land legislation.
• Amendments and additions to the Law